非正式制度视角下的旅游小费研究

在总结国内外小费研究的基础上,运用社会学、心理学和经济学的相关知识,从非正式制度的角度研究旅游小费现象。认为小费作为一种非正式制度存在,有其历史性、合理性和有效性。现阶段我国旅游小费发展有一定困难,多数旅游者不认可小费,政策规定难以有效实行等。但是我国旅游小费的发展具有可行性,旅游小费能在一定程度上消除旅游业的不稳定因素,提高旅游从业者收入,提升旅游服务质量,促进旅游业的健康有序发展。同时认为培育旅游小费观念,提升旅游服务意识和水平,规范旅游市场环境等方面是促进旅游小费非正式制度在我国发展的必要途径。     

农地整理对农户农地资本投入影响研究 ——基于农地整理区域农户问卷调查的实证分析

从理论和实证的角度，分析农地整理对农户农地资本投入行为的影响。首先通过农地整理对农户农业生产投入行为的影响机理分析提出了理论假设，然后以3个县（市、区）的185份农地整理区域农户抽样调查数据，构建多元线性回归模型进行农地整理对农户农地资本投入（流动资本和农业机械投入）的影响分析。结果表明：（1）农地整理对农户私人投入同时具有挤入效应和挤出效应，表现在农地整理对农户私人不同要素投入的影响存在差异：与公共投入呈互补关系的私人投入提高，与公共投入呈替代关系的私人投入降低；（2）各因素在流动资本投入和农业机械投入之间的影响程度各不相同；（3）各因素在流动资本投入和农业机械投入内部的作用大小有明显差异；（4）农地整理这一公共投入对农户私人投入的挤出效应大于挤入效应，而挤出效应主要体现在农户的流动资本投入上。调查亦发现农地整理对农户农业机械投入的现状影响并不显著，对其投入意愿有明显影响     

Resource and Environmental Issues in Transitional China： A Perspective from the Interaction Among Market, Government and Society

Along with the rapid growth of economy in the postreform period after 1979,China has faced severe problems of resource overusing and environmental degradation which would threaten the sustainable development of economy and society.This article explores an effective mechanism of managing resource and environment in China.It examines some major resource and environmental issues,and constructs a framework of institution innovation to cover three sectors(government,market and society).In addition,the article analyzes their experience and evaluation in resource management and environmental conservation during the transitional period.We argue that the combination of market regulation,government intervention and public participation is an effective way of allocating resource and protecting environment.Some suggestions are put forward to balance the relationship between them,including coordinating role of government and market,building platform for market operation and creating an atmosphere of public participation.     

转型期的资源与环境管理：基于市场-政府-社会三角制衡的分析

在经济体制转型期,伴随着经济的持续快速增长,我国出现了前所末有的资源破坏和环境恶化现象,严重制约未来经济社会的可持续发展.由此,构建解决经济发展需求与资源环境供给矛盾的有效机制,成为政界及学术界共同关注的重点课题.从中国经济转型期存在的主要资源与环境问题分析入手,提出资源环境管理制度构建的理想框架,通过进一步评价我国在市场机制、政府干预、公众参与3个方面的经验及教训,分别提出未来改进的方向.研究结果表明;"市场--政府--社会"三足鼎立的制度结构是我国资源环境管理制度构建的理想日标,也是适应世界资源环境保护发展的潮流.最后提出协调政府和市场作用、构建市场运作平台、营造公众参与氛围等方面的政策建议.     

Governance approach to China''s environmental challenges:Towards a theoretical synthesis

This paper reviewed recent research in environmental governance as a response to environmental challenges at various spatial, temporal and administrative scales. It documented the shift of approach from regulation to governance, and attempted to provide a comprehensive understanding why and how the transformation occurred. It also described major factors and forces of environmental governance, and discussed research advance in environmental governance theory. Finally, this paper summarized recent research findings on environmental governance in China, and listed policy recommendation for enhancing the governance.     

农村水利供给的非均衡性与治理制度创新

通过对湖北农田水利供给的非均衡性分析。探寻农田水利供给困境的根源。研究表明：农田水利的集体供给体制越来越难以维系。农户自我供给制加速了集体供给制的衰退；受制度环境．合伙互助供给制只局限于狭小的范围内；农户合作供给行为因制度短缺和资源禀赋约束而难以发展壮大。最后．文章力图提出适宜的农田水利供给制度创新思路。     

Questioning Community Based Coral Reef Management Systems: Case Study of Awig-Awig in Gili Indah, Indonesia

Issues and complexities arising when the fisheries and marine tourism sectors have stakes in an institution governing the coral reefs ecosystem called awig-awig are discussed, awig-awig is a colloquialism meaning ‘a local rule’. The community-based management system is commonly recognized as a better approach to governing resources, however, the success of awig-awig in the study area is questionable. Awig-awig fails to deal with the conflict of interest among stakeholders in coastal resource appropriation, despite the community being relatively culturally homogenous. The benefits of awig-awig are biased in favor of the tourism as opposed to fisheries, leading to the fishers’ resistance of awig-awig. There are critical factors to this weakness: a crisis of legitimacy within community, socio-economic inequality among actors involved in such system, high intervention from external agencies, and the institutional conflict over conservation policy. In addition, awig-awig reduces community spirit as it is perceived as not being attached to any customary law or traditional norms. Group cohesion is challenged and there is no common understanding of the problem or alternatives strategies.     

城市化过程中土地利用总体规划与城市规划协调的思考

如何处理好城市规划和土地利用总体规划的协调衔接以更好地指导我国的城市化建设是当前一个重要课题。论文从土地利用总体规划与城市规划的研究内容和实质等方面阐述两者应协调的原因．从两者的研究角度、出发点、编制的基数和依据等方面阐述了两者不协调的原因。并分析其对规划实施的影响．最后．提出应从人口预测基数的选取、建设用地规模控制目标的统一、用地布局的宏微观协调、规划实施强调两者一致有效等方面寻求两者协调的途径和方法。     

土地制度改革下小城镇的可持续发展与建设

本文通过对我国土地所有镧结构、土地管理镧度、土地市场以及由土地获得的利益再分配等方面的分析。认为我国现有的土地镧度对乡镇企业集聚、小城镇建设等方面已经起到了严重的镧约作用。在进一步探讨了乡镇企辈集聚与小城镇建设、土地镧度建设之间的相互关系后。论文介绍了国内土地镧度改革的几种成功方式和经验，并指出，随着我国小城镇建设的发展与乡镇企业集聚趋势的增强。土地制度的改革应在土地使用镧度改革基础上进一步加以深化和完善。     

可持续发展下的黄河水资源管理

用可持续发展理论为指导。综合运用经济、环境、哲学、生态、水文等多学科知识。全面分析建国后黄河水资源管理中的制度缺陷。进而提出在可持续发展下的黄河水资源管理制度的新思路。文中在分析黄河水权、水价、水权交易的基础上。认为黄河漉域管理应是一个综合性、多中心、全面的管理模式．强调了漉域管理是一种集体行动。其中制度的作用尤为重要。